Maybank BHD Financial Performance Analyis

May fix BHD Financial Performance AnalyisCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION output signal or gain from a fiscal formation is depending on al to the highest degree(prenominal) issues whether the external control or the inborn control. External control call down to the environment in our bea like economy growth and puffiness that effect the purchasing power of node as the price of goods augments, customer demand leave behind accession too. The Malaysian economy actually moves in concert with strong monetary system. Strong fiscal system of a c paltrynish impart contribute to economic growth. Economic growth of a earth like Malaysia is measured in scathe of true GDP. According to excursion Document Systems (1996) ,since independent on 1957 until 2005, Malaysian economy had grew by 6.5% per social class automatically it become the best country in Asia at that judgment of conviction.Banks forthwith struggled to primary(prenominal)tain a good deed in order to take on its intent s of satisfying their customers, employees, depositors and government according to Askari Commercial Bank ( 2006 ). The evolution of pecuniary system in Malaysia has been signifi commodet. 7.2 per cent economic growth registered by the country last year was the highest achievement over 10 years and was ope regularise by the two stimulus packages as well as the guidance of countrys financial and deponeing system by Bank Negara said the Prime take c be Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak (2011) .1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY realize is the major(ip) focus of why everybody struggles to shuffling sure their business going well as profit is the burning(prenominal) sources of funds. This musical composition go away measure financial exercise of May aver Bhd and determinant of data by identifying the gainfulness feat of Maybank Bhd. It is important to understand the profitability of mercantile bank aft(prenominal) considering certain parts that may contribute to the profitability. The look into is establish on the exploit of Maybank from 2001 to 2010.1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTA financial institution is a profit- take heedking organization owned by sh beholders who expect to gain contain with the risk touch ond that they have to face. at that place ar many factors that contribute to bank profitability. According to Bankers Journal Malaysia, for Malaysian Banks, more than 80% of their total income is attributed to bear on income. Previous studies have to a fault found that wager mathematical group income and non- engage income have a positive effect on bank profitability. However besides those banking characteristics of internal proteans, there are whatsoever external variable that may have-to doe with the banks profitability functioning that cannot be overemphasized like puffiness and GDP.Earlier studies by Al-Hajji, Mohsen (2003) have found positive kind in the midst of the GDP and bank profitability. When GDP increases, profitability of the bank leave alone increase too. Adverse leave was found about consanguinity in the midst of ostentation and bank profitability. This ruminate will answer the question of how bet income, non- bear on income, GDP and pomposity tempo relate with bank profitability also how is well is the work of Maybank Bhd during the menstruum of subscribe to.RESEARCH QUESTIONDependent and independent variables are studied to come about solution about the profitability performance of Maybank Berhad. Factors touch performance of Maybank Berhad can be comprises into external and internal factors. The criteria that will be judged are interest income, non-interest income , interest set downs, piggy Domestic carrefour (GDP) and inflation target. The intent of this take in is to psychoanalyze the effect of all this factors towards performance of Maybank Berhad. This research problem leads to questions concerning kinship between selected criteria.In this research, there are a few(prenominal) quest ion were asked as listed below 1.3.1 To what extend inflation regulate effect the performance of MaybankBerhad?What are the relationship between dependent variable andindependent variables ?1.3.3 What is the factor that most effect profitability ratio of Maybank Berhad?1.4 OBJECTIVE OF STUDYThe main objective of this resume is to study the factors attributes to the profitability performance of Maybank Bhd. comprises of interest income, non-interest income ,Gross Domestic product (GDP), and inflation ordinate. The study also will suss out the profitability performance of bank for 10 years period. isolated from that, there are few supporting objectives to support the main purpose were listed below To study the relationship between internal variables and bank profitability.To identify whether bank cost and bank revenues will contribute toprofitability performance of Maybank Bhd.To determine which factors contribute the most to profitability of MaybankBhd.To analyze the trend of M aybank profitability over 10years andidentify Maybanks susceptibility and weaknesses apply certain profitability ratios.SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDYBank remuneration refer to the buffet on invested capital and it is important to company as well as the shareholder. Bank profits can be considered as benefit to depositors as it shows stronger, safer and efficient banking system in the increases in revenues and function improvements. In luffly borrowers also will get the benefits since the bank lending rate depends of ability of banks capital accounts. This constitution will focus on some categories as followsFacilitate researcher to find out the major factors lend to the profitability performance of commercial banks oddly Maybank Bhd.To assist the researcher to be more alert on how to manage and overcome problems that could come unneurotic with independent variables and domiciliate describes on how to improve profitability performance.Also set up information on banks profitabili ty strength and weaknesses that could be use by the customers as an evaluation of banks performance.The researcher may also view the performance trend of Maybank Bhd. during this 10 years from 2001 to 2010.1.6 SCOPE OF STUDYThis research paper will focus on the financial performance of Maybank Berhad based on banks profitability. The factors that will be adjudicate are divided into 2 which are external factors (Gross Domestic Product, and inflation) and internal factors ( interest income, non-interest income ).1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDYThe chokeations of this study is the data only for 10years starting 2001 to 2010. Furthermore the data come from inessential data and sometimes may be adequate or accurate. likewise most of the data were gathered from journals, BNM Maybank annual reports , and articles.1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS1.8.1 ProfitAccording to Wikipedia, profitcan be considered as the difference between the purchasepriceand thecostsof bringing to securities industry whatever it is that is accounted as an enterprise or in a simple word it factor money gained in business.1.8.2 Interest IncomeCompanies sometimes keep their hard cash in short-term deposit investments such as certificates or deposit with maturities up to twelve months, savings account, and money market funds. The cash placed in these accounts earn interest for the business, which is recorded on the income logical argument as interest income. Interest income will fluctuate each year with the amount of cash a company keeps on hand and the familiar level of interest rates as set by the Federal Reserve.(Source Joshua Kennen Investing for beginners guide )1.8.3 Operating profitThe profit take in from a firms normal midpoint business operations. This value does not include any profit earned from the firms investments (such as earnings from firmsin whichthe company has partial interest) and the effects of interest and assesses. It is alsoknown as earnings before interestand tax (EBIT).(Sour cehttp//www.investopedia.com/terms/o/operating_profit.asp)1.8.3 Profitability AnalysisAnalysis that assigns revenues and costs to major customers or groups of customers rather than to organizational units, products, or other objects. The results may direct organizational resources toward more profitable uses. It is an application of segmented reporting in which a customer group is treated as a segment. It is especially helpful when combined with an activity-based costing approach that determines which activities are performed for each group and assigns costs based on appropriate drivers. (Source http//www.answers.com)1.8.4 pompousnessInflation is An increase in the amount of currency in circulation, resulting in a comparatively sharp and sudden magnetic dip in its value and rise in prices it may be caused by an increase in the volume of paper money issued or of gold mined, or a relative increase in expenditures as when the supply of goods fails to meet the demand. (Source Webst ers New Universal unabridged Dictionary)1.8.5 Financial RatiosRatios that measure a firms ability to meet its short-term financial obligations on time, such as the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. (Source The forgive Dictionary by Farlex )1.8.6 Gross Domestic ProductGross internal product (GDP) refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a attached period. It is often considered an indicator of a countrys standard of living. Gross municipal product is related to national accounts, a subject in macroeconomics. ( Source http//erbwikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product ).Interest ExpenseInterest expense is a non-operating or other expense for the cost of borrowed money or other credit. The amount of interest expense appearing on the income statement is the cost of the money that was used during the time interval shown in the heading of the income statement, not the amount of interest paid during that period of time. (Source Accounting Couch) abstractIn this chapter, we have discussed about the influence of factors affecting profitability performance of Maybank Berhad and the question that need to be answered in this paper. This research examined the bank profitability which focused on both the returns on bank assets and equity, net interest rate margins and net operating margin. High performance comes from effort given by bank management to produce high profit go facing risk related. Firm need to generate income as frequently as possible as banking institution is a profit-orientation company.CHAPTER 2 publications REVIEWINTRODUCTIONBank performance depends on the profitability measuring rod of banks financial statement. It is recognized that the growth of the banking system is dependent on a strong and stable economic instruction.PREVIOUS STUDYThis paper deals with performance of commercial bank, focuses on Maybank Berhad. Some of previous study that relate with this research are Masood et al. (20 09) revealed that in case of calculating profitability in terms of ROE or ROA the most evidentiary internal and external factors affecting Saudi banks are capital adequacy ratio, earning assets to deposits ratio, operational efficiency, growth rate in GDP, and banking sector development. He finds also that variables to do with credit risk, inflation rate and interbank offered rate are insignificant and have a low effect on all indicators of profitability. The results in the speech by tan Sri Dato Ali Abu Hassan Bin Sulaiman, Governor of BNM, (23 September 1998), he stated that since the onset of the financial crisis, BNM had instituted a number of measures , amongst others included tighter loan classficication policy for non-performing loans and a limit on lending for the purchase of shares. Since then, the financial crisis adversely affected the real economy, resulting in real GDP contracting by 4.8% during the first fractional of 1998. Year 1998 was a difficult year for the ban king system while 1year after that was the recovery year in the performance of banking system. (BNM 1999 Annual Report recommend Conference).Haslem (1968) defined profitability as the capacity to gain or profit, or to return a profit or income. Profit is the measured for fatty capacity of a company. According to Orl and Yolalan(1990), profitability performance evaluation of a banks should be linked to decision model so as to associate the result obtained with the decision. Meanwhile, according to Bashir and Hassan , (2003) on their study on the factors influencing the profitability of Islamic banks in eight Middle Eastern countries for the period 19931998, they find that the high leverage and large loans-to-asset ratios lead to higher profitability. This study also indicates a positive relationship between macroeconomic variables, stock market development and profitability of banks.Ben Ben Naceur and Goaied (2006) they find that macroeconomic indicators like inflation, GDP, and market concentration ratio have no impact on banks interest margin and profitability. However, financial structure variables (stock market capitalization divided by total assets or GDP) do have a positive effect on the return on assets. Staikouras and Wood (2003) said that macroeconomic indicators (variability of interest rate, growth of GDP) had a negative impact on profitability. Chance and Lane 1980, and Sweeney and Warga 1986 find microscopic evidence that supports the interest rate sensitivity of bank or financial institutions stock returns. On the other hand, studies such as Lynge and Zumwalt 1980, Booth and police officer 19851, Scott and Peterson 1986, and more recently Chaudry and Reichert 1999 suggest that the stock returns of financial institutions are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates.Different result from Kosmidou and Pasiouras (2007) which they examine how a banks specific characteristics and the overall banking environment affect the profitability of com mercial domestic and foreign banks operating in the 15 EU countries and they found that the main determinants of profitability measured by ROAA, macroeconomic conditions (inflation, growth of GDP) and financial market structure (stock market capitalization to total assets or to GDP, total assets to GDP) are statistically significant and related to both domestic and foreign banks profitability.Apart from that, Bourke (1989), Heggested (1977) utilize the consumer price index (CPI) as a proxy for inflation both of them made a research on relationship between profit and inflation and the result, both studies found that inflation had a significant relationship with profit. Earlier study from Revell (1980). believed that inflation could be a factor in the causation of variations in banks profitability. For studied on total expenses, items that fall within the control of bank management can be by and large divided into 3 categories staff expenses, provision for loan losses, and other gen eral expenses. Expenses, such as payment for income tax, are considered statutory expenses and hence beyond the control of management. Devinaga Rasiah (2010) .THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this study, 4 factors were elect to be evaluated. They are return of unit trust fund, risk level of unit trust, diversification level and last but not least is risk-adjusted level. infra is the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables.Title investigation of The Financial Performance of Maybank BerhadBank interest incomeBank Non-Interest IncomeGDPInflation rateBank ProfitabilityInterest ExpenseDEPENDENT variable quantityINDEPENDENT VARIABLESCHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY AND info3.0 INTRODUCTIONThis study will analyze the relationship between dependent variable (profitability of Maybank Bhd) and independent variables (interest income, non-interest income, inflation rate and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ).This study will cover 10 years data from 2001 until 2010 and will be done victimiza tion Statistical Package For Social Science (SPSS). Furthermore, hypothesis will be tested whether it can be accepted or rejected. This will provide more understanding view among variables. The advantage of using profitability ratios is that they are inflation invariant that is they are not affected by changes in price levels. This is useful in a time series abstract such as this, where the real value of profits may be distorted by the time varying inflation rates as stated by Devinaga Rasiah (2010).3.1 DATA COLLECTIONData was collected using annual reports of Maybank Bhd. The data collection was compiled from the financial statement also the oddment sheets from Maybanks annual reports for 10 years.. All the data will be evaluate accordingly to see the relationship between the dependent and independent variables also to test the hypothesis. Besides some of the data comes from Internet website like characterisation on news and some articles which contain information about Maybank Bhd.3.2 try FRAME10 years data was chosen as to see the latest profitability performance of Maybank Bhd. 10 years data is seemly to show the flow of performance of bank to see whether it has consistent performance or not and factors which relate the most to banks performance can be determine.3.3 SOURCES OF DATAThe data on Maybank Berhad financial statements and balance sheets were collected using secondary data which come from(BNM) Bank Negara Malaysia Annual Reports (2001 until 2010).Bursa MalaysiaInternet Website. subroutine library books, articles and magazines.3.4 VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTThe variables used in this study can be categorised into two main types which are, the dependent and the independent variables.3.4.1 Dependent VariablesThe dependent variable for this study is the profitability performance of Maybank Bhd.3.4.2 Independent VariablesThere are 4 independent variables in this study which are interest income, non-interest income, inflation rate and Gross Domestic Product(GDP).RESEARCH DESIGNResearch design involves a series of rational decision making choices. Various issues regarding the topic will be describe here including purpose of study, types of investigation to be make, time horizon and so on.3.5.1 Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this study is to determine the profitability performance of Maybank Bhd from 2001 to 2010. Besides, this study attempt to analyze the factors relates with the performance of Maybank Bhd. and what are the factor that has the highest impact on Maybank Bhd performance.3.5.2 Types of InvestigationThis study involved the multiplex regression study on the data from range of 2001 until 2010. This model was chosen because this study has more than 1 independent variable..3.5.3 unit of measurement of AnalysisUnit analysis for this study are interest income, non-interest income, inflation rate and GDP.3.5.4 clock time HorizonThis study will use range data from 2001 until 2010 of Maybank Bhd.3.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND TREATMENTThis study use SPSS, multiple regression study as the statistical tool as to measure how all these variables will influence profitability performance of Maybank Bhd. The multiple regression study will be used to analyze the relationship between dependent variable, which is the profitability of Maybank Bhd and independent variables which includes interest income, inflation rate, GDP and non-interest income.Multiple Linear reversal ModelGeneral FunctionsP = f( Inflation rate, interest income, Non-interest income , GDP, e )particular proposition Form of EquationP = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3 X3 + b4GDP + b5INF +WhereP = profitabilitya = Constantb1, b2, b3, b4 = Coefficient Beta valueX1 = interest incomeX2 = non- interest incomeGDP = Gross Domestic ProductINF = Inflation= Error3.8 HYPOTHESIS STATEMENTThere are 5 hypotheses in this study which areHypothesis 1H0 There is no significant relationship between inflation rate and bank profitability.Hypothesis 2H0 There is no significant r elationship between GDP and bank profitability.Hypothesis 3H0 There is no significant relationship between Interest Income and bank profitability.Hypothesis 4H0 There is significant relationship between Non-Interest Income and bank profitability.SUMMARYIn this chapter, we have discussed about where the data comes from and how the data will be measures to evaluate the significances between dependent variable and the independent variables. The study is designed to examine 5main areas which are interest expense, interest income, non-interest income, inflation rate, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 10 years data from varieties of secondary sources like Bank Negara Malaysia and earnings sources will be evaluated to explain the relationship between profitability performance and factors influence it..

Understanding Corporate social responsibility and its effects

Understanding merged societal tariff and its effectsWhat is the bodily well-disposed Responsibility? dividing line encompass the economic, legal ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of brass instrument at given point in time.Carroll A B 1979 (497-505) a three dimensional conceptual model of merged transaction a academy of management re beguilesocietal expectation of bodied behaviour, a behaviour that is totallyeged by a stakeholder to be pass judgment by society or morally required and is therefore justifiably demand of a condescension. Whetten D.A.Rands, G. Godfrey P 2002 what be the responsibility of seam to society.To be a socially responsible corporation, a bon ton must(prenominal) be more(prenominal) than legal and ethical person everywherely. CSR is not always a legal necessity increasingly it is an obligation. However a phoner has to be socially responsible even though it is not a legal obligationThe corporeal behaviour pyramidAras G Crowther D (2008) The social obligation of corporation Journal of Knowledge Globalisation1 (1), 43-59The sh atomic number 18holder watchThe social responsibility of a melodic line is to make profit. (Friedman)The justification for this bePursuing profit provide result in incr rilievo employment, consecrate economic growth, stimulate innovation, increase the tax take and generally turn living quantitys. Making profit is therefore itself a public proper and is a sufficient purpose of business.Directors should be flirting on behalf of shareholders. CSR besides often sum that directors are being charit adapted with other pile m acey.Shareholders are free to employ their dividends to contri notwithstandinge towards CSR if they wish.Business is not competent to deicide moral and ethical takes. Where is the domestic connection surrounded by what a business decides to spend m geniusy and efforts on and where that money and efforts are actually inevitable or wanted by so ciety? Are CSR projects chosen barely beca intent they are areas where directors, or their spouses, are personally interested?(ACCA study text-Business Analysis)The capaciouser- stipulation self-seeking viewIt is in the long-term economic self-interest of business to act in a reasonably responsible manner. (Drucker)Failure to do so pull up stakes prompt legislation.Failure to do so pull up stakes vituperate the business and even the industry.The public sexual relations and enhancement of reputation arising from CSR will increase profit in the long term. CSR is therefore seen and justified as expenditure that attends to generate long term profits.(ACCA study text-Business Analysis)The stakeholder viewThis view assumes that shareholders are simply one stakeholder among many, and that their interests are not necessarily paramount. in that location may be circumstances where shareholder interest has to be sacrificed for the great good of other stakeholders.Quite how it is deci ded which stakeholders deserve generosity at any bureauicular time is not clear. There is a endangerment that the stakeholders that benefit are those with most reason which is not necessarily the equivalent as the stakeholders who might deserve attention.(ACCA study text-Business Analysis)Work transportThe British seamways make to supply a functional environs that motivates, engages, supports and develops their colleagues. The intend of air duct body of work is to encourage their colleagues to be committed to corporate responsibility and all colleagues onboard one destination. The skyway is difficult to work with smart way. The air duct aspiration to be the best is by safety of the race and functioning honesty with civilization set.Equality and DiversityLegislation, voluntary codes of practice and equality initiatives have resulted in some progress towards equality of treatment for minority sort outs at work, save there remains ines capital letterable evidence of continuing discrimination. More late(a) approaches under the banner of management of diversity include the economic and business case for equality, the valuing and managing of diversity in validations, civilisation variegate and mainstreaming of equality initiatives.(Torrington, innovationetary house and Taylor, 2005 p.529)The British aureoleways is committed equal opportunity. Their policies engages to that no job appli raftt or employee receives less favorable treatment on the basis of their age, sex, creed, disability, full or vocalism time status, nationality, or ethnic origin, race, religion or familiar orientation.Dignity and respect is at the hub of British airways diversity initiatives, tapering on the affinity between colleagues and client, irrespective of their back screen background, religion or culture. The charge path ran a diversity week, holding a series of events to raise awareness of differences to service of process create a more collateral and pr oductive work purlieu.(International Air Transport Association (IATA) Airline employees 2008. City Business Library London) (http//www.iata.org/ rank and file/ respiratory tract_members_list?All=true)Employee retirement age It is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against soulfulness on the grounds of age, i.e. against someone of a collapseicular age or someone in any age band.The age discrimination legislation provides for a default retirement age of 65. Compulsory retirement ages be belittled 65 are unlawful unless accusatoryly justified. In addition, employees have the just to beg to work beyond that age. Employers have a duty to consider much(prenominal) requests.(www.businesslink.gov.uk)The air passage make an effort to implement new Age Decimation Act, The air duct were run clump and pilot retire age 55 but now are 60 and in future it will be exceed to 65.Training programmes The airline deliver 211 to 215 geezerhood of cultivation during the year, including 4,500 training days to cabin crew to enable them to deliver the very senior highest train of function to our guest travelling in allowance cabin and 2,248 days to ground module. Online mandatory training course for all colleagues was introduced this year.The premium go training programme allows approximately 11,000 cabin crew to receive practised training on services and the food and beverages darkered on First, Club being and Club Europe.Development programmes Strategy of airline is to develop workplace at level which leads the business through on current challenging operating environment. High Performance Leadership (HLP) is embedding a high performance culture amongst airline leader.The leadership capabilities that are posited to lead the business were delineate and communicated and separates performance against measured during the year. The capabilities are communicating a common vision, agreeing accountabilities and motivating and inspiring other.Employee inducti on The purpose of induction in organisation to prove the new employee as quickly and efficiently as possible. The airline is trying to strain the objective of induction and have introduced a new play to check off that this happens.Employee relation The airline is working with total of three vocation unions demonstrating colleagues crosswise the business. The new Human Resources (HR) model has been implemented. HR business quisling now focus on good lot management and employee relation and are responsible for day to day industrial relation matters.In addition, 15 effective IR (Interpersonal Relation) skills workshops were provided throughout the year, with 118 delegates presence. Line manager and business union representatives were able to come together at these workshops to focus on joint problem solving. A however 75 manager go to our new introduction to industrial relation courses.RewardThe carriers cabin crew could see their commit docked by up to 5,000 each as part of proposals put forward by the airline to cut costs. BA wants to cap the amount its 14,000 crew members can claim in allowances for working long haul flights. The proposal is in addition to changes to working practices that BA will impose from next month(Time online 28 October 2009)The British Airways is claiming in Corporate Responsibility report 2008-2009 that the airline development good compensation social organisation in the organisation help to create an environment that encourages sustainable high performance. The airline developed salary structure not nevertheless that salary costs can be managed more effectively, but also that salaries are internally equitable across roles and differences in roles and differences in responsibility, skill and performance can be recognised and reward.The airline is also functioning bounty scheme using a of fiscal and non financial performance indicator. Since 2005 airline Employees Reward Plan (ERP) has allowed non management employees to share in the success of the business based on achievement of corporate measures and aims.However, due to unfavourable duty condition, the scheme did not manage in 2008/2009.(Source www.britishairways.com)MarketplaceMarket is pitying activity directed at satisfying need and wants through supercede processes(Kotler, 1986, p-6)There are two main pillars of marketplace guest and provider. The airline is encouraging commitment to corporate responsibility and to name sustainable business. The airline is operating all over 33 million customers and 2000 supp duplicityr. The airline is focusing on customer and provider to secure the side of meat as a spheric premium airline.1-SupplierIts social responsibility for the airline to pay its supplier gibe to term. In germ that the airline paid their supplier on average, 91 per cent were on time in the UK for the year ended parade 31, 2009.The airline aim to exceed in next year.The airlines are caller to the Confederation of British I ndustry (CBI) code of practise on supplier payment and are dedicated to paying the supplier on hold term. The number of days purchases in creditors at March 31, 2009 is calculated in accordance with the provision of the companies Act 1985 and was 32 days (2008 33 days).The airline carry on to reduce the ampere-second remnant with the acquirer of environmentally capable aircraft (A380) and airline will have taken delivery of its prototypic three by the end of June with a further 36 aircraft on tell. Particular concern has been given to ensuring environmentally efficient and lightweight materials will be utilize in the construction of both. The airline also working in long term with Grundon, using their energy from desert graft to farm electricity for the National Grid2-CustomerIn the market place customer are broken come out into congregation with different ideas of what they want. The largest root word is the one looking for a low-price, no frills services- but of course low prices often go hand in hand with low profits. The theme who are prepared to pay for exceptional quality small, but likely more profitable as individual. The guild has to decide where its own strengths lie in terms of meeting customer expectation, and then decide whether it is able to meet the needs of its chosen target group better than the argument can do it(Jim Blythe, Principle Practice of Marketing, 2005, p-178)In these different groups of customer the British airways lies in the group D, which customer are willing to pay more for exceptional quality, because the airline are operating at premium services. Premium customer also wants reliability and consistency in the services and customer also like the increased flexibility and the wider choice of movie, TV programmes, audio and inter expeditious games.The main problem is that the airline failure to achieve the profit in the particular segment.British Airways World Cargo continues to focus on providing premium product s.The airline people play a decisive role in providing the upgrade travel experience. They are committed to clear services and are investing heavily in training customer facing colleagues.Some of customers are unhappy because the British Airways will dispirit charging passengers up to 60 to reserve a seat as part of the airlines plans to cut costs and increase revenues.(Time online, 25 September 2009)British Airways focuses on offering online services to retain old customers and to attract new customers. It has do several upgrades to the e-services offered on its website, www.ba.com.The online portal is helping British Airways to drive down costs and increase revenues. Almost a third of all the companys bookings are made on ba.com, with almost half of all European blank fares sold via the UK site, as a testimony to its popularity with customers. The customers are also provided with the selection to book hotels and hire cars through the website.In FY2009, the company introduced a new feature allowing customers to upgrade their booking at any time between buying a ticket and checking-in online. British Airways had launched a new service, allowing customers to report or access real time arrivals and departures information through their mobiles. therefore e-services help the company to attract more customers, enabling it to generate more revenues its allows airline customer to offset the deoxycytidine monophosphate sackings of their journey with all issuance going towards UN-certified emission reduction projects.(Source www.britishairways.com) community social welfare programmesPhilanthropy encompasses those corporate actions that are in response to societys expectation that businesses be good corporate citizens. This includes actively engaging in acts or programs to further human welfare or goodwill. Examples of philanthropy include business contributions to local communities, building instruction centre and charitable donations(Carrols model, ACCA text book P1 Professional Accountant)The airline continues to promote the community which one of the stepped to build a Community Learning concentrate (CLC). Around 50,000 young people and adult learners on range of raising programmes since its opening in 1999.The course are run in the Community Learning Centre with partnership of the United Nation International childrens catch Fund (UNICEF) focus on information and communication, Technology and the environment.The airline staff including (retired 3,500 and current) donated over 630,000 ,their chosen charities through the airline giving Scheme instantaneously from their payroll and airline also supported Children in Need and florid Nose Day across the airline raising over 13,000 for charities in the UK and Overseas.Preceding days BA fun run raised in excess of 55,000 for Cancer Research UK during 2008/09 the airline World Cargo police squad collected and delivers over 95 tonnes of high quality gift, donated by employees from across the airline.The airline working with partnership United Nation International childrens apprehension Fund (UNICEF) has raised over 26 million since in 1994 and has changed the lives of helpless children across the terra firma. The a(Source www.britishairways.com)Environment programmesBritish Airways wedge on the environment involves the followingClimate ChangeThe Climate Change Programme is CSR because it is nigh taking actions to reduce itsimpact on the environment. Climate change is a growing threat to the environment and tosocieties everywhere. British Airways actions on modality change go beyond compliance,demonstrating that it is taking voluntary actions to reduce its contribution to carbon emissions and better understand its impact on climate change.The British Airways climate change programme is foc apply on the following main areas1-Long term CO2 target The airline develop long term plan to reduce CO2 by require the improvements in operational efficiency, investm ents in new aircraft technology, development of sustainable melody fuels and investments in low emission technology in other sector of the economy through carbon trading. This trading is illustrates in figure below2-EU and UK electric discharge Trading schema (EU ETS) Airline will be fully sheltered by the EUs Emission Trading System from January 2012.The British Airways emission target has been set at 97 per cent of average annual emission in the reference period from 2004 to 2006. From 2013 the target is tightened to 95 per cent.British Airways set a target of total reductions in annual emissions of 125,000 tonnes of CO2, to be achieved over the five years 2002-2006. In 2004 the company agreed with the UK government to increase the voluntary target.3-Carbon cogency The airline is continuous try to reduce carbon by removing throwaway(prenominal) items from the aircraft to reduce the fuel burn, by developing light weight aircraft and modifications and wide changes such as the IFE spares pack removal, modifications to the World Traveller seats and the removal of the air stairs on 737 aircraft have alreadygenerated savings in excess of 6,500 tonnes of CO2.Carbon efficiency shows in following from 2006 to 2008.Airline is also developing procedure for the aircraft to taxi-out to the runway with an engine shout down wherever possible. This reduces fuel burn, CO2 and NOx emission.As comparison with Virgin Atlantic airline, on 24 February 2008 its become the first airline in the world to operate a commercial aircraft on bio fuel blend. The Boeing 747 flew a short(p) flight from London to Amsterdam, using a 20% bio fuel and 80% kerosene blend in one of its four engines.Carbon whole toneThe airline is using the Greenhouse Gas Protocol corporate standard to measure the carbon footprint.The GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Protocol Corporate Standard provides standard and centering for companies and other organizations preparing a GHG emissions inventory. It covers the ac counting and reporting of the six greenhouse gases cover by the Kyoto Protocol- carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)(http//www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporate-standard)The below graphs represent how the airline manage its carbon footprint year by year.Global ground emission footprint The airline global ground operation generated a footprint of 164,535 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, arising from our building, vehicles and ground equipment.Global ground emission footprint (tonnes of CO2)(Source www.britishairways.com)British Airways producing 8% (1,626,262/ 20,670,517) CO2 emission of the total airlines.Virgin Atlantic Airways producing 1.8% (372,552/20,670,517) CO2 emissions of the total airlines in world.C02 emission by sector aviation is second highest CO2 emission producing in the world and most one energy industries.5-Noise and Air Quality Quota count is a system use d by Londons Heathrow, Gatwick, and Stansted airports to limit the amount of noise generated by night-time aircraft movementsNoise restrictions for a plane during take-off94 decibels (Maximum level) during the day. (Add times) 7am 11pm89 decibels (Maximum level) in the shoulder period. (Add times) 6am -7am and 11pm to 11.30pm87 decibels (Maximum level) at night. (Add times) 11.30pm to 6amThese limits set by the Department of Transport (DfT) apply at 6.5km from the strike of the roll, i.e. the point on the runway where the plane starts to move in order to take off.Planes that break the noise limits on departure at precise locations are fined by BAA 500 for the first 3 decibels over the limit and 1,000 above that.(Source BAA website 2008)EPNdB over 101.9 = 16 Quota betEPNdB 99 101.9 = 8 Quota computationEPNdB 96 98.9 = 4 Quota CountEPNdB 93 95-9 = 2 Quota CountEPNdB 90 92.9 = 1 Quota CountEPNdB less than 90= 0.5 Quota CountEPNdB less than 87 is exempt =0 Quota Count( Nationa l Air Traffic Services (2007-02-02) (PDF). London Heathrow, London Gatwick and London Stansted Airports Noise Restrictions circuit board 2007. http//www.boeing.com/commercial/noise/notamfeb2007.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-28)The airline noise energy has remained the same over the finally three years regardless of an increase in the use of our aircraft fleet.The airline continuous achieved noise level of Department of Transport (DFT) which is Quota Count 0.5(EPNdb90-87=0.5 Quota Count) and also the airline has objective is to reduce the average noise per flight by 15 per cent by 2015.Airline already achieved a reduction in NOx emission through the adaption of Boeing 747 (RB211) engines and Boeing 777 (GE90) engines. Its plan to further modify Boeing 737 engines delivering a 20 per cent reduction in NOx.For all routines take off airline use reduced take off thrust which significantly reduce NOx emission.7-Waste Currently the airline is developing the procedure to recycling paper, cardboa rd, plastics, pallets, carpets, batteries, drinks cans and have removed general waste bins in many office areas to encourage recycling and with transporting components, the airlinehave reduced or replaced non utile packaging material with utile material.A paper crusher is used to produce packaging, which is used to protect aircraft components during transportation. In 2007 airline recycled 35% of its waste at Heathrow and Gatwick (up from 30% last year).(Source www.britishairways.com)Airline target is the recycling 50% of its waste by 2010 and the amount of annual waste managed through its contracts at Heathrow and Gatwick given up to landfill reduced by 7.2% from 3,688 tonnes to 3,424 tonnes.At Virgin Atlantic also aim to achieve the recycle or reuse level 50% by 2012. To do this airline are choosing more items that are reusable recyclable or biodegradable and sourcing that use fewer materials.Business ethicsWhat is ethics?Ethics is the set of rule prescribing what is good or ev il, or what is right or wrong for people.What is business ethics?Business ethics means honesty, confidence, respect and fair acting in all circumstance. However, such values as honesty, respect and confidence are rather general concepts without distinct boundaries. Ethics can also be define as general fundamental principle and practices for improving the level of wellbeing of humanity.David Crowther Guler Aras 2008 corporate social responsibility,p54Ethical stancesThe extent to which an organization will exceed its minimum obligations to stakeholder (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington)British Airways is committed to the highest standard of corporate behaviour from its Directors and employees. British Airways requires its entire people to perform their duties with efficiency and diligence and to always behave to customers and other people alike with courtesy and decorum.British Airways procurement process has strong controls to ascertain that any dealings are open and transparent, avoids any suspicion of conflicts of interest, corrupt of information and opportunity, confidentiality, fair dealing with customer and suppliers, proper use of company asset, compliance with laws and regulation.Conflict of Interest A conflict of interest occurs when an individuals clandestine interest interferes or appears to interfere with the interest of the airline. As a matter of airline policy, employees must not leave conflict of interest receptive unless approved by airline. In particular employees must never use or attempt to use their position at the airline to give any improper personal benefit for themselves, for their families, or for any person.Confidentiality The airline has strict policy that all employees to maintain the confidentiality information about the airline, its customer, suppliers, or joint venture parties. Employees must maintain the confidentiality of all information so entrusted to them, except when disclosure is authorised or legally mandated. Conf idential or proprietary information of our Company, and of other companies, includes any non-public information that would be prejudicial to the relevant company or useful or helpful to competitors if disclosed. mean(a) Dealing The airline does not seek competitive advantages through contraband or unethical business practices. Each employee should endeavour to deal pretty with the companys customers, service providers, suppliers, competitors and employees. No employee should take unfair advantage of anyone through manipulation, concealment, disgust of privileged information, misrepresentation of material facts, or any unfair dealing practice.Protection and Proper Use of Company Assets All employees should protect the airline assets and ensure their efficient use. All airline assets should be used tho for legitimate business purposes.(sourcewww.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-govconduct)Benefit of become good citizenThe British Airways can obtain great number of benefit by carry out the corporate social responsibility policies to the entire stakeholder, including the enhanced airline theatrical role (this in itself can lead to increase sales), wellness and safety benefit, ease of attracting investments and lowered cost of such investments, better community relationship (this can lead to easier and quicker approval of plans through the planning process), improved relationship with regulator, improved morale among workers (leading to higher productivity, lower staff turnover and wherefore lower recruitment and training cost), general improved and relationship with customer. In particularly which include20092008Goodwillm 4m 4No of employees4209842121Passenger revenuem 7836m 7600www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-reportsannual impingement on key stakeholderWhat is a stakeholder?Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of theorganisation objectiveACCA course book P1 Professional AccountantsThe classification of stakeholderThere are two main way to classify the stakeholder,Internal v immaterial Internal stakeholder are those include within organisation such as employees, manager and director etc and where as external stakeholder are such group customer or suppliers who are generally not be of part of the organisation.Voluntary v involuntary Voluntary those who have choice to engages with the organisation (employees, most customer, suppliers and shareholder) and involuntary those who have not choice to engages with organisation (local communities, neighbours, the genius world, future generation).David Crowther Guler Aras 2008 (p30) corporate social responsibilityThe corporate and social responsibility policies of British Airways greatly affect the stakeholders. The stakeholders of British Airways are the key customers, shareholders, employees, trade unions, lenders, interchange Government, media, local community, contract groups, local government and individual householders.I used M endelowss Matrix for mapping the impact British Airways corporate and social responsibility policies on the stakeholders listed above.High Power Low cite PlayersE.g. key customer, active major shareholders, trade unions, employees, secured lenders.Involve persevere informedE.g. Local Government, pressure groups, local media, local community, individual shareholders, individual customers.Consult / Inform hang in SatisfiedE.g. Central Government, passive major shareholders, national media.Consider impact of action / informMinimal bmE.g. Individual shareholders living nearby. omitHighInterestLow(ACCA study text-P1 Professional Accountants)Key Players Key players are those stakeholders who have high interest and have high powers. The organisations system must be acceptable to them.Many business customers fly the same route on a regular basis. They want BA to do well so they can continue to use their service. Due to excellence of Terminal 5 the customer recommendations increase 61% to 65% still the shareholder little worried about the company performance because last two years the company was in loss.Keep Satisfied Keep satisfied are those stakeholders who have low interest and high power to influence the policies of the company.The British Airways behaving these stakeholders are very well because the airline fulfill the requirements, like government and local community need good environment and less carbon emission which the airline successful are reduction carbon by 50% at end of 2050 years.Keep Informed This group has high interest and low powers in company, but this group can be move to key player Colum. The British Airways ensure before every investment that laws and policy is full fill.Minimal Effort This group has low power and low interest in the company. As British Airways can ignore them. These are individual shareholder or living near to airports.ConclusionIt was a great idea to outline the corporate and social responsibility policies of a division who is greatly touch in the production CO2 emissions and highly responsible for the climate change. During my research, I came crossways a number of facts, which I believe will help me to give a conclusion of my report. The facts are as underThe company started the operation in 1974 with the name of British Airways. During this period British Airways has build up an image as premium airline through its policies and positive image of its brand in the public. FY2009, Europe, the companys largest geographic market, accounted for 62.5% of the total revenues.I picture that the British Airways are more focus on Corporate Social Responsibility it might be effect on the company financial performance because its made loss in last two years. It is unethically for the sum of shareholder who wants profits from the company.British Airways is well behaving with their employees who include the Induction, training, health and safety, promotion, high performance leadership, good salary structure a nd reward (ERP).At market place the British Airways failed to get reasonable profit from customer segment (premium customer), due to the airline did not report profit in last two years. Although the airline maintain good relationship with supplier through follow the code of practise (CBI).The airline maintain the position as Philanthropy (Carroll model), due to the airline continuously support ridiculous world, people and working with UNICEF, UK Cancer and Research.The real fact is that the airline only make plan for reduction of 50% Carbon Emission (CO2) in 2050.But currently the CO2 more than last years. To achieving this objective the airline is need to invest in new aircraft technology, low emission trading project. For this objective the airline have good capita

Online Cinema Reservation System

Online Cinema stockpile constitutionThis assignment title for debut to Softwargon Engineering assignment is to do a research and surfaceline of a parcel project. The topic chosen for this assignment is Online Cinema tag Reservation System. pursuance be the tasks demand to be done of the assignment.To let on the exigencys for moving picture online rag backlog dodge.To identify the objective principles and concept and offer the design base on the mentioned concepts.To identify the scrutiny strategies and techniques for the software and how it nominate be carried divulge.To identify the work throughation strategies for the softwareOnline Cinema Ticket Reservation System is an Internet based cover that kitty be accesses throughout the internet and basin be accessed by everyone who has an internet connection. This application go out automate the second-stringer of tags and enquiries intimately availability of the shreds. This application accepts electroni c mail halt for the tags. Currently, this placement is widely use by airline, picture palace, and different sector of company.For the governing body, the methodology chosen to develop the software is Rapid Application Design (RAD). The Following leave behind state the returns of RAD and the description of RAD with prison termline to develop an online movie theatre slatinging booking dodging.Increased speed of development through methods including rapid prototyping, virtualization of organisation related routines, the use of CASE tools, and an different(prenominal) techniques.Lower costing as rapid development saves time.Low complexity, emphasis on simplicity and usability. in the lead cinema online ticket reservation is created, the way that client rile ticket reservation is through shout out reservation. However, using sound reservation has some(a) puzzles. Following pass on discuss about the riddles before the dodge is created and how the system solve the pr oblem.Prank C allThe most common problem occurs is trick bode. In the past, there are no share login is required, therefore, anyone adequate to make a reservation. In the situation, some(prenominal) passel get out take advantage to make a prank call. They will make reservation for spelly times without collect the ticket. resolving powerSystem required customer to say and login to their measure before they heap use the system. If the customer chiffonier non collect the ticket after make the reservation, customer required to scratch the reservation 1 hour before image graduation exercise baseing. Otherwise, the customer account will be blocked from using for plastered period if they repeated the very(prenominal) action for more than(prenominal)(prenominal) than 3 times.Phone line merchandiseThe secondment problem occurs is phone line traffic. client will make phone call to enquire the ikon testify time and they will cash in ones chips some time to choose mov ie section. In the other hand, other customers try to make phone call reservation. Therefore, phone line traffic will occur. Part of the customer un fit contacts the phone call c insert.SolutionThe online reservation system should be designed that subject to check the movie come out time and make reservation via internet. Therefore it can make out the problem of phone line traffic.OperatorThe third problem is exchangeable case with second problem. The company ask to hire a spile of operator to able all the call of customer. However, there is not continuously many phone call will call in. Therefore, those operators will bugger off nothing to do. This would be a waste of financial resource if the man power is not fully utilized.SolutionBy using the system, customers able to get all tuition about movie show time. Therefore, generally customers prefer to use the system. It can reduce dependency of phone call reservation. Meanwhile, company can reduce the number of operator and avoid the problem of operator complain by customer.In fact, there is similar system on the internet, but there is cancelation method found in the live system. This problem cause the components that make reservation have to collect their ticket 30mins before the movie start showing, and they have wait at least(prenominal) 30mins until the movie start showing.SolutionThe advanced system developed chuck up the sponge member to cancel their reservation tickets in 2 hour move before the movie start showing. If a member did not cancel the tickets and did not collect the ticket, the member account will be prohibited for certain period.Requirement AnalysisThere are 2 sheaths requirement available in software engineering research method, there are functional requirement and non- functional requirement. working(a) requirement defines functions available in a system. Functional requirements are supported by non- functional requirements. It drives the application architecture of a sys tem. Functional requirements can be good details, calculations, entropy processing and manipulation and other specific functionality that defines the system and the functional of the system supposed to accomplish.no(prenominal)-functional requirements also know n as quality requirements. It drives the technical architecture of a system. It is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be use to judge the subprogram of a system. Non- functional requirements can be family unit into 2 categories which is execution qualities and evolution qualities. Execution quality is observable at run time. Example of execution quality is security and usability. In the other hand, Evolution quality is embodied in the static structure of the software system. The example of it is primary(prenominal)tainability, testability, scalability, extensibility and many others.Functional RequirementThere are certain functional requirements that consider to be carrying out by cinema online ticket reserva tion system. Cinema hall wish to have a clearsite that acknowledges any drug user of internet access to the web rapscallion. Besides that, there should have other functionality can be perform by the system. For example, a user able to do by-line activity in the systemLogin to the system through the first page of the application.Change the war cry after logging into the system. commensurate to restrict their own information after login.Able to create a new login for the accessing the reservation facility.View movie now showing rock after login.Reservation can be making three day before the show.View his current reservations with the details.Able to choose the seats which can are available for a certain class.Cancel reservation encrypt to a higher place show that activity that able to perform by customerThe system need to respond to the activity done by user. The following is the activity should be performed by the systemA new news send off to the user though email if the u ser forgotten about his or her password.A mail will be send to the relate person about the confirmation of the ticket to the specified email report after user make a reservation ticket.Show the behave for the corresponding shows and amount of money needfully to be pay for aimed seats.The login ID and password should be sent to the mentioned email address if a new account is created.However, the same customer always makes ticket reservation but did not collect the ticket. The particular customer will block from using the online ticket reservation system for certain period if repeated the action for more than 3 times. Reservation ticket will automatically open for sales if the ticket has not collect 15 minutes before the show. It gives more time for customer that make online reservation to collect the ticket.Figure above show that activity that perform by system automaticallyNon Functional requirementEach system also consists of non-functional requirements. In this case, when a user makes a reservation via online, the database needs to make a record of it. It is visualise as execution quality. All the information need to be update in real time. The system will compatible with the ticket change system in ticket selling point. Following is different type of non functional requirement need to include in the system.Usability known as user friendly, the system should have the user guild of the system and cannot allow complex interface designResponse time -System also needs to have a good response time. It needs to respond in the shortest time after customer click a button.Platform compatibility -System need to able to perform in different platform such as Linux, Window, and Mac OS.Privacy -It also should keep of customer and do not review any information of customer to other people without stipulation of the particular customer.Supportability -system should able to perform in any type of web web browser. For example is Windows Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Goo gle and etc.Maintainability System able to updated time by time. In this case, when a new movie released, cinema able to update the movie information to the system.DesignThe design concept use to develop the online cinema ticketing reservation is software architecture. It is the overall structure of the software and the ways in which that structure provides conceptual integrity for a system.In club to design the system, there is some hardware and software required. The following is the tools for design the software. hardware requirementsNo.DescriptionAlternatives (If available)1PC with 2 GB hard-disk and 512 MB cramnot-Applicable2ServerNot-ApplicableSoftware requirementsNo.DescriptionAlternatives (If available)1Windows 95/98/XP with MS-officeNot Applicable2MS-SQL serverMS-Access3LinuxNot Applicable4Oracle database systemPOSTgres5adobe brick DreamweaverMicrosoft FrontPageAfter the system architect equip with the tools, he will start design the interface, functionally of the system and database according the system requirement. The Following are the flowchart of the system.Once a customer enter the system webpage, the customer able to perform the activities such as login, view movie show times, recital and request a new password if member forgot about his password. If the customer wants to check the movie show times, customer needs to enter the cinema or movie with watching date. Then the system will display the movie shows time. Meanwhile, if the customer wants to become a member, the customer needs to submit his in the flesh(predicate) information and automatically he will register as a member. Once a member login, he can make movie reservation, cancel movie reservation and modify his personal information. In case a member forgot about his password, he can request a new password send to his personal email account.The following will display the design of the webpage and database design.The diagram above shows the main webpage of the online cinema ticket re servation system. clients able to login, view show times, select movie description and other action in this webpage.The webpage above is the page after a member login. The page will show all the reservation has make. particle can cancel reservation, make reservation and modify personal information at this page. ingredient need to select the movie, cinema and enter number of seat before proceed to the next step.Member can choose the seat for reservation purpose.After the reservation made, a reference number will send to member email. The webpage also will shows the reference numberIf a member forgot about his password, the member can request a new password and the password will send via email to the email account registered.The webpage above shows the screen of the movie shows time.The webpage above allow user enter his personal information to become a member. Member also can update his personal information on the same page.The database of customer personal informationThe database o f customer reservationThe kinship diagram of customer information and customer reservationTestingThe system will be tested using component testing. Component testing is test the system individually. Test will be pity out for ensure the system able to meet the function requirement include functional and non- functional required. The following are the test plan need to carry out to ensure the system work properly.Test summons / InputExpected ResultCustomer able to register as a member and save all the personal information in database.Customer enter all his personal information include name,, phone number, email address, and etc.All the information store in databaseCustomer able to view movie show times without login as member.Customer select movie, cinema, or day to view to movie.The movie show time schedule for particular information will show.Member able to login into the system.Member enter ID and passwordMember able to use the online reservation system serviceMember able to upda te personal information in database.Member enter new personal informationNew information will updated in database.Member able to make reservation and the reservation information will update in database.Member select movie, cinema, show time, and seat for reservationAll the information store in database, member able view the informationMember able to cancel reservation and the reservation will remove from database.Member select the reservation that lack cancelThe selected reservation will be remove from database.Member able to request new password and the password will send to member email account.Member request a new passwordThe new password will send to the member email account based on the email provided when registerSystem able to perform in different platformSystem test in different act systemSystem able to perform in different operation systemAble to perform at different web browserSystem test in different web browserSystem able to perform at different web browser tuition abl e to update anytimeStaff enter the new movie show time angle of dipNew movie show time list able to store in database, and member able to view it writ of executionFor implement the propose system, hardware and software are needed. The following confuse shows the minimum hardware and software needed to implement the system.Hardware requirementsNo.DescriptionAlternatives (If available)1PC with 2 GB hard-disk and 512 MB RAMNot-Applicable2ServerNot-ApplicableSoftware requirementsNo.DescriptionAlternatives (If available)1Windows 95/98/XP with MS-officeNot Applicable2MS-SQL serverMS-Access3LinuxNot Applicable4Oracle database systemPOSTgresManpower requirementsThe estimation of the manpower required is 2 to 3 students for complete the system in 2 3 months if they work fulltime on it.Implementation processIn order to implement the system, company need to register a domain name. jibe to www.exabytes.com.my, it will cost RM650 to register a .com.my domain name for 10 years. After registe r the domain, software engineer will upload the system to the internet and link it with the server. Testing will be carry out to ensure to system show to error.ConclusionAfter the research is caring out, there are some advantages toward the company and customer. Company does not need to hire extra staff as mention at the problem definition section. It can improve the cost efficiency of the company by installing the online cinema ticketing reservation system. Besides that, it can attract more costumer as internet used by many people at current era.From the point of customer, they do not need to flummox about all the ticket sold out if they have made the ticket reservation earlier. They also do not have spacious queue to purchase ticket. Besides that, they can make ticket reservation anytime.Therefore, company estimate can gain more profit if they implement the online ticket reservation system.

What Genetic Factors Contribute to Obesity?

What Genetic Factors tolerate to fleshiness?Obesity has increasingly become a challenging epidemic and is now a global concern which has shown no sign of slump (McAllister et al, 2009, p. 868). spot considerable efforts consider been invested in stressing the immenseness of physical military action and the choice of victuals intake, studies draw shown compelling recount that patrimonial determinants brought by the inter-individual differences charter high responsibility in corpulency susceptibility (ORahilly Farooqi, 2006, p.1095). real evidences ab give away the molecular(a) constituents of the major pamphlets complicated in the balance of mammalian skill acquit only been recently deciphered. Therefore, this provides a gateway to a mechanistic sagacity of corpulency that will soon be a useful resource in the designing of encumbranceive drugs a slayst obesity. Linkage studies and associations establish on populations w atomic number 18 identified particular pr oposition loci where cistrontic variations occur among round individuals. Efforts to indentifying and characterizing the inheritable obesity syndromes progress to as swell up as shown considerable success (ORahilly Farooqi, 2006, p.1095). While a emergence of exploreers have come into a consensus that agenttic factors incline individuals to obesity, somewhat still slightly differ by appreciating the role of such(prenominal)(prenominal) factors like the influence on metabolic rate as well up as the effect of selective partitioning of the excess energy in the human eubstance into spicys (ORahilly Farooqi, 2006, p.1095). This paper particularally identifies mingled constituenttic factors which devote to obesity and provides recom custodydations for addressing the epidemic. To date, on that point be five main constituent elements know to be involved in food intake and energy ingestion pathways which ultimately contribute to obesity progression. These cistrons a rgon leptin, leptin sensory receptor, melanocortin-4 receptor, pro-opiomelanocortin as well as prohorm angiotensin converting enzyme convertase genes (Bouchard, 2009, p.1499). The role of these genes in the occurrence of obesity and mutation consequences of such genes, which atomic come in 18 studied in opposite experiments, be elaborated and explained under unalike gene headings below.Leptin geneEfforts to perform leptin gene cloning in 1994 receptive an avenue for rapid re essay in biomedicine and large scale genetic studies followed thereafter (Hinney, Vogel Heberbrand, 2010, p. 297). Finally, these efforts make success stories after effectively managing to treat leptin inadequacy children utilise the recombinant leptin protein. The treatment of leptin deficiency children excessively provided other insights to biomedical re seeers that angiotensin converting enzyme gene mutations could potentially lead to disorders such as obesity and hyperphagia (Hinney, Vogel Hebe rbrand, 2010, p. 297). Since its discovery, leptin has make up a potential possibility for the treatment of obesity. The culture of obesity treatments has been relate in differentiateing main targets in leptin gene which was the first to be affect for the genetic source of obesity. The leptin hormone is generally secreted depending on the luggage compartment fat and is accountable for the order of appetite and energy metabolism mainly in the brain (Ahima, 2002, p.196). Results obtained from linkage studies have deciphered that leptin is basically an assembly of 167 divers(prenominal) amino acids that be produced by the leptin gene right from the adipose tissue. The protein encoded by the leptin gene displays a number of biological roles associated with obesity by natural covering with a defined receptor located in the hypothalamus. These biological roles of leptin entangle the take for of food intake pathways, body lading regulation and homeostasis of energy (Wang et al, 2006, p.183). French studies and investigations into populations in Pennsylvania have associated leptin to cases of severe obesity. Among humans, the chromosomal locations of the genes for leptin receptor and leptin have been mapped to 1p31 and 7q31.3 respectively (Wang et al, 2006, p.183). Research had earlier shown that the mental strain G-2548A occurring in the LEP protagonist was responsible for reductions in the BMI among overweight women. In addition, a few studies have shown correlations surrounded by obesity startment and the presence of LEPR gene polymorphisms (Geller et al, 2004, p.572).According to Ioffe, Moon, Connolly and Friedman (1998, p.11852), subset of grievous humans have considerably lower levels of leptin plasma. The findings imply that abnormal regulation of the gene in the adipose tissue could be the main realize of pathogenesis in obesity. Ioffe et al (1998, p.11852) carried out an experiment to test the propensity that decrease in the toil of lep tin could impact the bodys metabolism thus convey obesity. They performed their experiment by mating animal models that carried lowly expressed adipocyte specific aP2-human leptin transgene with mice that did non express any leptin gene. The leptin treatment of the mice that never expressed leptin resulted to a tag reduction in weight which resembled the results obtained after wild- graphic symbol mice treatment. Usually, a subset of obese individuals expresses comparatively low levels of leptin in plasma. The decreased rates of leptin production among obese individuals by the adipocytes have been implicate for the cause of obesity (Ioffe et al, 1998, p.11854). Mutations in the leptin gene or the leptin receptor gene have been piece to cause increased appetite, overeating, vast weight gain, impaired ther more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal)gulation, insulin resistance and diabetes, immune dysfunction, sexual maturation failures and a number of neuroendocrine deran gements in both(prenominal) human subjects and rats (Ahima, 2002, p.196).Melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R)Mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor have been said to be the nearly greenness genetic factors which contribute to obesity. While the gene coding for the protein, MC4R has been implicated for regulating the body weight of individuals and obesity, there are no convincing reports associating the gene with the increased binge eating among obese individuals. Contrary to what had been observe in the previous studies, the MC4R deficiency does not actually cause hyperinsulinemia. However, a frameshift mutation in the gene coding for the protein MC4R has been associated with dominant human obesity (Hinney, et al, 2003, p. 4258). The protein too acts as an obstructionist for the agouti- cogitate peptide (AgRP) gene that code for an endogenous antagonist for the receptor. The homologous of the MC4R gene, the MC3R gene has similarly been plunge to be a obedient candidate fo r create genetic susceptibility to glucose intolerance in type II diabetes mellitus (Hinney, et al, 2003, p. 4258). In order to prove that MC4R is influential in causing obesity, researchers have sequenced the introns of the gene among the Pima Indians who among them, 300 were severely affected by obesity and 126 of them were neither obese nor diabetic. In their dissect, the researchers have addressed the assertion that switch of G-A at codon 103 of the MC4R gene is responsible for influencing abdominal obesity and lipid, glucose and insulin metabolism. The substitution has also been implicated for its effect in inflecting the circulatory hormones such as the salivary cortisol (Hinney, et al, 2003, p. 4260).Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have been potential tools for identifying a number of candidate genes in specific regions of the chromosomes which harbor genes responsible and other phenotypes (Zlot et al, 2007, p.31). GWAS also provide full of life tools for indentify ing the everyday tunes with reduces penetrance relevant as traits of interests or danger factors. Genes such as melanocortin-4 receptor gene occur in a coding region which also harbors other heritable variants which regulate weight in healthy individuals obscure from the mutations responsible for obesity (Yang et al, 2002, p.20328). These minor alleles that have been identified include various polymorphisms which code for isoleucine amino acid sort of of valine at position 103 (103l) and the other that codes for leucine instead of isoleucine at 251L of the receptor protein. These polymorphisms are all negatively associated with the problem of obesity (Zlot et al, 2007, p.31). Homozygous carriers of such alleles have slightly minify basal metabolic rate (BMI) which is a attempt factor for obesity.The biological mechanism of the MC4R gene has been suggested to involve the activation of the MC4R receptor which leads to a significant decrease in food intake. The MC4R has therefo re been marked as the main therapeutic target for obesity treatment. The new restrictive biological mechanism has also been detected in cellphone lines which are derived from the murine hypothalamic neurons that express MC4R endogenously. This therefore points to the physiological importance of the endocytosis promoted by AgRP. In a make involving a number of obese children and adults, 6 percent of them were found to posses MC4R SNPs (Zlot et al, 2007, p.29). Following agonist stimulation, the MC4R unremarkably signals via the intracellular adenylate cyclase pathway of signal transduction. Studies among the obese subjects have detected large quantities of MC4R mRNA in the membranes of the astrocytes contrary to the HEK-rMC4R cell membranes.Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)Feeding in humans follows habitually proficient rhythms which are regulated by the hypothalamus. The amount of food one consumes happens as a response to the energy status in the body that depends on the hormones. E ven though this is a interlocking fulfill, there pull throughs an integrated consanguinity between the energy invites of the body and the amount of food that is indispensable by the body. As a result, the brain through the hypothalamus triggers the going of responsible hormones that regulate food intake. This happens through the release of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) (Millinvgton, 2007, p.4). The initial stage of the production of pro-opionmelanocortin starts with the production of the release of the POMC at the hypothalamus.Through a series of alive(p) enzymatic reaction steps, the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) plays an initial role in the production of corticotropin (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) and endorphin (Millinvgton, 2007, p.4). The MSH leads to the production of melanocortin peptides that plays a high role in the development of appetite. The melanocortin peptides also continue to have a role in body weight regulation. As the body continues to produce the necessary genes that regulate its development, some genes that develop in the central nervous system give set up to the production of the melanocortin peptides. According to Zemel and Shi (2000, p.179), melanocortin peptides work by coating the melanocortin-4 receptors through the administration of a layer around these receptors. This covering inhibits the food absorption and intake. The absence of this through the degeneration of the melanocortin peptide cover marks the encroachment of obesity. This means that melanocortin receptors POMC peptides plays a significant role in the development of obesity.As seen earlier, feeding is a process that happens through responses of habitual rhythms such as circadian rhythms. These rhythms are controlled by the genes that are adapted to a given type of system. The deficiency of POMC in the body exhibits itself through adrenal failure, altered pigmentation and increment in height onset of obesity (Millington, 2007, p.8). The processin g of POMC occurs partially in the hypophysis cells and neurons of the hypothalamus. However, POMC derivatives can be discharged differently through varying hypothalamic sites. These are sites that are involved in feeding process. This process of release leads to slight variations in the amount of signal sent to the sites.From the above discussion, dietetic related aspects especially obesity emanates from a complex combination of various genes that makes their significant contributions. Environmental factors are also known to have their alike contributions to the role of the genes in the dietary habits and their effects on the body. The melanocortin that is produced as a result of POMC stimulation plays a central role in the necessitate processes of food absorption. Additionally, the signals sent by the POMC maintain the hormonal levels that controls amount of food to be absorbed at any given moment. This is depending on the homeostatic energy requirement at any specific time. Ho wever, in the example when the levels of POMC released by the hypothalamus get reduced to minimal levels, the immediate effect that follows is the reduced production of melanocortin peptides. This means that the body no longer has the ability to control the amount of food being taken up by the body. Obesity develops as a result of the body absorbing food at a higher level than required.Prohormone convertase 1 (PCSK1)Researchers have reported that viridity variants in the PCSK 1 gene could be a potential cause of obesity. The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1(PCSK 1) has been suggested to play a critical role in proteolytic cleavage, a step which is also meaning(a) in the maturation process of a number of hormones which are produced as precursors (Heni et al, 2010, p.86). The PCSK 1gene codes for the prohormone convertase 1 which is actively involved in peptide maturation. The protease is selectively expressed in the endocrine and neuronal tissues where its main subst rates include the hormones which regulate energy metabolism such as proinsulin, proopiomelanocortin and proglucagon (Heni et al, 2010, p.86). Rare mutations in the PCSK 1 gene have been identified to be responsible for causing childhood obesity as well as the abnormal metabolism of glucose, proinsulin and insulin and the C-peptide. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PCSK 1 gene, the rs6232 and rs6235 have been associated with incidences of obesity (Heni et al, 2010, p.86). Various mutations of the PCSK1 gene cause monogenic obesity. The SNP rs6235 has a high correlation to the non-synonymous rs6234 which encodes the Q665E. This substitution occurs at the protein in the C-terminal region (Tuomas et al, 2009, 3499). This research found that there exist a significant correlation between age and crs6232 in the initiation and proliferation of obesity (Tuomas et al, 2009, 3499).Another research by Qibin et al (2010, p.456) found that the rs6234 has significant associatio n with an increased risk of a combined obesity phenotype and an overall overweight cultivate. The PCSK 1 gene was also found to have a higher association to obesity among men as compared to women. The result of this gene is that it influences the increment in fat retentiveness around the waist region. The study also found that there exist enough evidence that associates PCSK1 rs6234 with overweight and the level of body mass business leader in men. It was also revealed that PCSK1 rs6234 plays no role in the weight gain among women.There have been various recommendations in the use of several mechanisms in the management of obesity. This has been based on the knowledge of the fact that eating habits are part of acquired characteristics. However, studies have revealed that eating habits are controlled by genes. This has therefore called for more grounds on the gene make up of a person. The understanding of the role of PCSK1 gene in the control in insulin and consequent glucose pr ice reduction is a breakthrough in the ongoing research in the search of the appropriate weight management measures.Studies conducted by Martin et al (2010, 9) have found that small amounts of alleles of PCSK1 and SNPs are associated in high levels of stimulation of glucose proinsulin levels. This gave an indication that the devil are related in the reduction of proinsulin conversion with trivial effect on insulin itself. Under the normal conditions, prohormone convertase cleaves a substantial amount of proinsulin. The study further found that PCSK1 and SNPs alters the sequence of the amino acid sequence of the protein which makes up this hormone. The diversity that is initiated by the SNP rs6232 on asparagines is the reduction of the enzymatic activity. The similar change also occurs on the location of the protein thereby reducing its effectiveness in regulating insulin. The end result is the increment of body weight, a condition that is referred to as obesity.Fat Mass and Obesi ty Associated Gene (terrorist group)The foreign terrorist organization gene has also been identified, using the GWAS approach, to be associated with type II diabetes and obesity. The A-allele of the terrorist group variant rs9939609 in intron 1 has been shown to be associated with an increased risk to develop obesity complication by 31 percent (Hinney, Vogel Heberbrand, 2010, p. 302). The association of genes in obesity and overweight problems has been suggested to be high in both monogenic obesity and polygenic forms. The terrorist organization gene is one of the best examples of the common variants which play a role in increasing the BMI and thus important among obesity individuals. The FTO gene is known to be found in chromosome 6 among humans and variants of the gene have closely been associated with human obesity. The gene is widely distributed in both adult tissues and fetal tissues but there is much expression in the pancreatic islets as well as in the hypothalamus.Transcr ibed amino acid sequence of the FTO gene has shown high homology with AlkB, an enzyme which demethylates DNA oxidatively. The FTO recombinant protein has the potential to catalyze 3-methylthymine demethylation in single-stranded DNA. Animal studies have shown that gene expression in FTO is usually upregulated in rats especially in the hypothalamus following food deprivation. The gene is also negatively correlated with the orexogenic galanin like peptide expression that is commonly involved in food intake stimulation. The increase in the expression of hypothalamic FTO is often associated with energy intake regulation but not the feeding reward. These consequences make the gene to be identified as a critical in causing obesity.An obesity risk allele of the FTO variant has been identified. Usually, the carriers with a single transcript of the FTO allele are more susceptible to develop obesity than individuals without the copies. In another observation, the carriers of the devil copies of the FTO gene weigh fifty-fifty more than those with a single copy of the gene. This implies that the gene causes an increased risk of obesity among the carriers compared to those without a copy of the gene. At the same time, researchers have identified the association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the similar region (rs14210850) of the FTO gene. The variation has been identified as the cause for some percentage of population variance in BMI and even a higher number of attributable obesity cases. The risk allele, according to the researchers, is found in cluster 10 SNP in intron 1 of the FTO gene known as the rs9939609. Morbid obesity has also been shown to be associated with both the INSIG2 SNPs and the FTO gene. Variants of the FTO have also found to be associated with the obesity condition using GWAS of BMI. In the study, individuals with AA and AT alleles at rs993909 have been found to consume more energy per day compared to the individuals having the prot ective genetic constitution of TT. However, the similar studies have indicated no variation in energy outgo based on polymorphisms. In other studies, the consequences of variations in the two different types of SNPs in the FTO gene have shown the possibility of the gene impacting the levels of go around leptin as well as the energy outlay. The SNPs that affect the energy expenditure and the circulating levels of leptin include the rs1421085 and rs17817449. Although the studies have not pointed on the biological mechanisms of the FTO gene in contributing to obesity and weight control, researchers have postulated that the gene could be responsible for regulating appetite through its influence in the hypothalamus.Discussion and RecommendationsThe pathogenesis of complex diseases such as obesity has always been associated with the fundamental interaction of environmental and genetic factors. This complexity has made it difficult for researchers to tease apart the accurate relationship between the genotype, phenotype and environmental factors by only using conventional experimental designs. Using genetic information maintained in databases, researchers have been able to identify critical molecular pathways responsible for obesity which are specifically brought by the interaction of the environmental factors and the genetic factors (Gohlke et al, 2009, p.46). Bioinformatics techniques and the earnings have offered critical tools for synthesizing data on the relationship between genes and diseases such as obesity. Methods such as genome-wide association scans have shown a number of genetic variants in the FTO gene which readiness be associated with phenotypes related to obesity (Scuteri et al, 2007, p.115). Researchers have identified the potential benefits of genomic-wide association studies (GWAS) approaches in obesity intervention and prevention strategies such as the design of highly specific drugs targeting the identified molecular pathways (Zlot et al, 2007 , p. 31).The role of epigenetics in obesity has been explored by a number of researchers including McAllister et al (2009, p. 892). Epigenetics encompasses the study of a number of inheritable variations mechanisms in gene expression which do not necessarily originate from alterations in the DNA sequence. These mechanisms are often establi roam at the early stages of postnatal development and during the prenatal stages and they act to maintain a number of gene expression patterns throughout the life of an individual (McAllister et al, 2009, p. 892). Because of this, some environmental factors have become common in the recent past and have commensurately madden the epigenetic mechanism establishment which results in the regulation of body weight (McAllister et al, 2009, p. 892). The roles of light speed methylation within the CpG dinucleotides, the modification of histone proteins which package the DNA into the nucleus and the cell-dependent expression of a number of autoregulator y DNA binding proteins have been investigated and shown to perpetuate the conformation of regional chromatic which dictates which type of gene will be competent transcriptionally in specific type of cells (McAllister et al, 2009, p. 892). This literally implies that apart from the genetic basis of obesity, the epigenetic studies shed light and provides extra information that is layered above the common understanding of gene sequences. Like the DNA sequence, epigenetic factors are also replicated at cell division during mitosis and meiosis thus bestowing transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (McAllister et al, 2009, p. 892).As reported by McAllister et al (2009, p. 896), the understanding of the environmental factors on the epigenetic processes has always remained elementary. Therefore, there has been little evidence to point out specific environmental exposures whose increasing levels might affect epigenetic mechanisms. Maternal obesity has however been identified as one of the m ain environmental exposure which results into obesity. It is accepted that the obesity epidemic affects even the childbearing women and feed-forward transgenerational obesity amplification has been proposed to result among children born of obese mothers. This is because the intrauterine environments of obese mothers are likely to induce developmental adaptations in the develop fetus which consequently predispose them to obesity. In an observation made to check this assertion, children born of obese mother after bariatric operating theatre were found to have reduced risks for obesity than the children born of the same mothers before bariatric surgery (McAllister et al, 2009, p. 893). Bariatric surgery is one of the medical procedures carried out with an objective of losing weight and has shown exciting evidence in reducing the chances of obesity among the born children.There are two types of disorders that have been identified to be caused by single-gene defects. The first class o f these disorders is the Mendelian disorders which cause a variety of clinical features including obesity. The second class of single-gene defects is mainly characterized by disease conditions in which obesity is one of the main clinical features. 11 different genes have been reported to be closely associated with monogenic obesity and 52 genomic regions which harbor quantitative trait loci have also been indentified to have associations with human obesity. Five of the genes have been considered to be of clinical importance since they account up to 5 percent of the early obesity onset and severe cases of childhood obesity. These genes are leptin, leptin receptor, pro-opiomelanocortin, melanocortin 4 receptor as well as prohormone convertase genes. One of the most interesting observations is that all the five genes are associated with encoding receptors and peptides involved in satiety and appetite regulation. Therefore, there is need to intensify research efforts in marking the five genes and developing molecular drug targets for critical receptors which control appetite and satiety. Apart from the five common genes that have been associated with obesity, other minor genes with smaller effects such as ACE, LDLR and VDR have also been implicated for causing obesity. These minor genes are more than 20 in number (Bouchard, 2009, p.1499).Conclusion and RecommendationThe prevalence of obesity is increasing globally as biomedical researchers step up their efforts to indentify the specific genetic causes of the epidemic. A number of technological and conceptual advances have made it possible for a shift to an approach centered in single-gene search for interventions aimed at treating and preventing obesity. Before these advances, traditional approaches involved studying obesity from the polygenic approach which was very difficult to mark out the exact molecular processes that occur in at cellular level. A few complex segregation analyses maintained the assertion that obesity was mainly caused by more than a single segregating genes having large effects on the adiposity and body weight. Later studies supported the evidence that obesity could be caused by both polygenic and oligogenic determinants. With the improved technology and scanning of the entire genome, it has been possible to identify individual genes responsible for obesity using polymorphic microsatellite markers. Among the enabling technologies in sequencing the human genomes involve SNP identification, bioinformatics and SNP genotyping technologies. At present, these technologies have made it possible to study the anatomy of the human genome with improved details and this is expected to yield newer insights into pointing out the exact genetic causes of obesity.

Constructing A Multi Storey Commercial Building Construction Essay

Constructing A Multi Storey Commercial Building complex body part EssayInvolved clearing, grubbing (removal and disposal of surface vegetation, roots, stumps and under anchor part of structures to a depth of at least 0.50m below ground aim) and stripping (removal of topsoil to an average depth of at least 100mm below ground level), JKR 1988-1.all(a) the combustible material removed from the designated bea is being attached by burning however if burning is not permitted, it must be disposed in a safe and tidy manner at square waste dump outside the web invest, JKR, 1998-1.1.2 EarthworkInvolved excavation of loosening and removing humankind and rock from its original position from a cut and transporting it to a cloy or a waste deposit (Clarkson ad Hicks, 1981). It must be carried out immediately after the top soil has been removed. Earthwork is important for the anatomical structure of drainage, roadway and building foundation. Mass haul diagram is used to visualize the volu me of cut and fill are efficient (reduce wastage and import from another(prenominal) place).1.3 StakingStaking is being carried out by surveying. Markers are being driven into the ground as markers for the building and perimeter fencing. Precise staking is important plot the mountain perimeter of a building.1.4 Perimeter FencingTo prevent intruders, public and animals to make up disruptions to the project.1.5 DewateringApplications of vertical drain, piezometer or surcharge are useful for the dewatering process. This is to assure the rivet water pressure in the soil is in a safety range hence it does not affect the building.1.6 fleeting BuildingsInclude site office (meeting and discussion), toilet, store (store building materials), canteen, thespian s quarters, and so on1.7 Temporary Access RoadIt must be strong, wide and not in addition steep for heavy vehicles and it should allow to take-over space. Warning signboard and guard stomach should be equipped to ensure the sa fety of the site (prevent unauthorised intruder).2.0 SUB-STRUCTURESSub-structures are the elements of a building that are located beneath the ground level such(prenominal) as1) Piling and foundation2) Basement/ thermionic valve write up3) Column stumps4) free-base beam5) Hardcore and damp-proof materials2.1 Piling and FoundationTo advocate the structure above it. A system of piles, pile caps, and straps (if required) that transfers the structural unfold to the bearing stratum into which the piles are driven.Uploaded with ImageShack.us Piling2.2 Basement/Underground FloorSometimes, pose lots, merchandise outlets, food-court, etc are located at wine cellar or underground. Proper supervising and soil probe needed to ensure safety.2.3 Column StumpsColums stumps needed for the column to be build especially for multistory building.Uploaded with ImageShack.usWorkers are constructing column stumps2.4 Ground BeamGround beams are knowing to support brick/blockwork or to form permane nt shutter to the edge of unmoved(p) concrete floor-slab. Loading requirements can be achieved by varying the reinforcement. Ground beams are rectangular or square in shape. However, notches / half stop over plates / sloped faces can be supplied to order.Uploaded with ImageShack.us Ground beams being constructed2.5 Hardcore and Damp-Proof MaterialsA protective measure applied to building foundation walls to prevent moisture from passing through the walls into interior spaces. Moisture if in contact with the reenforce concrete, the reinforcement pull up stakes rust and the strength of the reinforce concrete will be greatly reduced.3.0 SUPER-STRUCTURESSuper-structures are the elements located above the damp-proof material (ground level) such as1) morphological frame served as a frame for the manifestation of the upper floors2) Upper floors for high-rise building.3) Wall as a partition.4) roof5) Doors and windows6) Finishing7) Utilities providing basic conveniences such as wate r, power supply, pussy tank, telephone, drive out detector, sprinkler, elevator, security alarm, etc.4.0 EXTERNAL WORKSIt consists of all the plant life outside the building such as1) Roads2) Vehicle parking3) Gutter4) Sewer5) Fence6) Landscaping5.0 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAW at that place are many elements in the Uniform Building By-Law in Malaysia such as1) Preliminary2) Submission of plans for approval includes supervision of work, scale of plans, plans of alterations, materials not to be deposited in a street without permission, etc.3) Space, light and respiration includes open spaces to be provided, access from a street, splayed corner, width of footwear, mechanical spreading and air-conditioning, height of rooms in residential buildings, shophouses and school, etc.4) Temporary workings in connection with building operations includes commencement of building operation, indebtedness of person granted temporary permits, vehicular access to site, etc.5) Structural requirements includes building materials, general requirements of loading, weight of partitions, mechanical stacking, roof coverings, foundations, brick footings, etc.6) Constructional requirements includes drainage of subsoil, protection against soil erosion, lift, swimming pools, depth of water, etc.7) Fire requirements includes rules of measurement, protected shafts, ventilation to lift shafts, smoke detectors for lift lobbies, etc.8) Fire alarms, fire detection, fire extinguishment and fire fighting access.9) Miscellaneous building exempted, failure to buildings, etc.6.0 SITE INVESTIGATIONSite investigation is very important to a project to1) decide whether the site is generally suitable (whether it is situated at suitable location)2) get specific information for complete design, safety and thriftiness ( check out soil properties)3) prepare for construction alternatives (special equipments for dewatering and etc.)7.0 PHASES OF INVESTIGATIONThe followings are the phases of investigation1) background knowledge study initial study of available data2) Site investigation get useful data from the site3) Soil investigation determine soil properties4) Analysis of dataSketch of Bad Site LayoutUploaded with ImageShack.us good-for-naught SITE LAYOUTBased on the attached bad site layout, it is considered as bad due to the following reasons1) Material storage situated opposite of the road which is inconvenient for the construction work to be carried out. It will do craft issue while transporting the materials to the construction site.2) Site office is furthermost away from the construction site.3) Worker s quarters are approximately to the construction site but the canteen is far away from the histrion s quarters. This cause inconveniences for the workers during lunch time hour.4) Toilet is far from the worker s quarters.5) Parking lots are not located airless to the construction site.6) No pedestrian bridge between the construction site and the parking lots. This will ca use a big problem to the traffic especially during peak hours.7) The material storage, site office, canteen, toilet as tumefy as parking lots should be situated at the change space indicate in the site layout to minimise the problems discussed above.